CSS Overflow

CSS overflow property is used to control the behavior of content that exceeds the bounds of an element. It can be used to hide, scroll, or display content that overflows the element. The overflow property can be applied to any block-level element.

The overflow property can take the following values:

1. visible: The default value. The content is not clipped and it may be rendered outside the element’s box.
2. hidden: The content is clipped and no scrollbars are provided.
3. scroll: The content is clipped, but scrollbars are provided.
4. auto: The browser will display scrollbars when necessary.
5. initial: Sets the property to its default value.
6. inherit: Inherits the value from the parent element.

For example, the following CSS code would create a <div> element with a fixed width and height, and hidden overflow:

Copy codediv {
  width: 200px;
  height: 100px;
  overflow: hidden;
}

You can also use the overflow-x and overflow-y properties to control the overflow of content horizontally and vertically. For example, the following CSS code would create a <div> element with a fixed width and height, and scrolling overflow only on y-axis:

Copy codediv {
  width: 200px;
  height: 100px;
  overflow-x: hidden;
  overflow-y: scroll;
}

It’s important to keep in mind that using overflow property on a non-block level element will not affect the overflow, as the default value of non-block-level elements is visible.

CSS Float

The CSS float property is used to position elements to the left or right of their container and allows text and inline elements to wrap around the floated element. The float property can take the following values:

1. left: The element is floated to the left of its container.
2. right: The element is floated to the right of its container.
3. none: The element is not floated (default value).
4. inherit: The element inherits the float value from its parent.

For example, the following HTML code creates a <div> element with an image inside it:

Copy code<div>
  <img src="image.jpg" alt="image">
  <p>This is some text that will wrap around the image.</p>
</div>

The following CSS code floats the image to the left of the container <div> and allows the text to wrap around it:

Copy codeimg {
  float: left;
}

It’s important to keep in mind that floating elements remove the elements from the normal flow of the document and may cause layout issues if not used correctly. To fix this, you can use clearfix technique or set the overflow property on the parent element to hidden, auto, or scroll.

Also, it’s important to note that the floated elements are removed from the normal flow of the document and they do not take up space in the layout. This means that the parent element will not automatically adjust its size to accommodate the floated element.

CSS !important

The !important CSS rule is used to override any other styles that have been applied to an element. It is a way to ensure that a specific style will be applied to an element, regardless of the specificity of the other CSS selectors.

The !important rule is added at the end of a CSS declaration, after the value, and before the semicolon. For example:

Copy codep {
  color: blue !important;
}

This rule tells the browser that the “color” property of the “p” element should be “blue” and that this value should be used, even if there are other styles that would normally take precedence.

It’s important to keep in mind that using !important can make your CSS code hard to maintain and debug. It’s best to use it only when you need to override a style that you can’t change otherwise, like when using third-party libraries.

It’s better to use more specific selectors, rather than relying on !important to override styles. It’s also a good practice to not use !important on elements that are likely to be reused, as it would increase the specificity and make the code hard to maintain.

In general, using !important should be avoided, if possible, to make sure that your code is maintainable and easy to understand.

CSS Maths Functions

CSS allows for some basic mathematical operations to be performed within CSS property values. These operations can be used to calculate values for various CSS properties, such as size, position, and color.

The following mathematical functions are available in CSS:

1. calc(): The calc() function allows for mathematical expressions to be used within CSS property values. The expressions can include +, -, *, / and parentheses to specify the order of operations. For example:

Copy codewidth: calc(50% - 20px);

2. min(): The min() function returns the smallest of the values provided. For example:

Copy codewidth: min(100px, 50%);

3. max(): The max() function returns the largest of the values provided. For example:

Copy codewidth: max(100px, 50%);

4. clamp(): The clamp() function returns the value that is within the specified range. It takes three values, the minimum, the preferred value, and the maximum. For example:

Copy codewidth: clamp(20px, 50%, 100px);

5. attr(): The attr() function returns the value of a specified attribute of an element. For example:

Copy codecontent: attr(data-text);

All these functions can be used in different CSS properties like width, height, font-size, margin, padding, etc. It’s important to keep in mind that these functions are not supported by all browsers and may require vendor prefixes in older browsers. It’s also important to check the browsers support before using these functions in production.

CSS Size

The CSS size property is used to set the width and height of an element. The size property can be set using various CSS units, such as pixels (px), ems (em), percentages (%) and Viewport units (vw, vh, vmin, vmax).

1. Pixels (px): Pixels are a fixed unit of measurement and are commonly used to set the size of elements. For example:

Copy codewidth: 100px;
height: 50px;

2. Ems (em): Ems are a relative unit of measurement that is based on the font-size of the parent element. For example:

Copy codewidth: 10em;
height: 5em;

3. Percentages (%): Percentages are a relative unit of measurement that is based on the size of the parent element. For example:

Copy codewidth: 50%;
height: 25%;

4. Viewport units (vw, vh, vmin, vmax): Viewport units are a relative unit of measurement that is based on the size of the viewport. The vw unit is a percentage of the viewport width, vh is a percentage of the viewport height, vmin is a percentage of the smaller value between the viewport width and height, and vmax is a percentage of the larger value between the viewport width and height.

Copy codewidth: 50vw;
height: 25vh;

It’s important to keep in mind that using a combination of different units for width and height can create unexpected results. Also, setting the width and height of an element can have an impact on its layout and the layout of the other elements on the page. It’s important to test the layout and adjust the size as needed.

Also, there are other properties like max-width, max-height, min-width, min-height, and aspect-ratio which can be used to control the size of elements.